Though there have been no reported cases of COVID-19 in horses to date, it is important to examine the potential for SARS-CoV-2 transmission to and from these animals. Understanding how the virus may impact horses will help us better protect them as well as their human handlers. This article delves into various factors and research that pertains to this crucial question.
Understanding Zoonotic Diseases
SARS-CoV-2, responsible for causing COVID-19, is a zoonotic virus believed to have originated from bats and crossed over to humans, possibly through an intermediary host. Zoonotic diseases can be transmitted between animals and humans, posing a risk to both species:
- Direct transmission (via contact with an infected animal)
- Indirect transmission (through ingestion of contaminated food or water)
- Vector-borne transmission (by insects)
Knowing the transmission routes of zoonotic diseases, it is necessary to investigate if SARS-CoV-2 could infect horses as well.
Susceptibility of Animals to SARS-CoV-2
Some animals have proven susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, while others do not appear to be. Here is a summary of known findings:
| Animal | Susceptibility |
|---|---|
| Cats | Yes |
| Dogs | Low |
| Ferrets | Yes |
| Mink | Yes |
| Lions | Yes |
| Tigers | Yes |
| Hamsters | Yes |
| Bats | Yes |
| Monkeys | Yes |
| Mice | No |
| Chickens | No |
| Ducks | No |
While this list is not exhaustive, it provides insight into the variety of animals that can be affected by the virus.
Current Research on Horses and COVID-19
There is limited research regarding the susceptibility of horses to COVID-19. One study from Emerging Microbes & Infections published in July 2021 examined horses as potential hosts for SARS-CoV-2. The research revealed that the virus could bind to the equine ACE2 receptor, but with significantly lower binding affinity compared to human ACE2 receptors. Consequently, the susceptibility of horses to infection and the potential for transmission to humans remains unclear.
Precautions for Horse Owners and Handlers
Although there is no evidence that horses can contract or transmit COVID-19, it is important for horse owners and handlers to maintain proper hygiene and follow recommended guidelines to protect themselves and their animals:
- Practice good hand hygiene, washing hands frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.
- Maintain a safe distance from other individuals who may have been exposed to COVID-19 or have tested positive for the virus.
- Regularly disinfect high-touch surfaces and shared equipment.
- Wear masks when in close proximity to others or if required by local regulations.
- Stay informed about the latest research and guidelines related to COVID-19 and animal health.
While the risk of horses contracting or transmitting COVID-19 remains uncertain, understanding the potential implications and taking necessary precautions are crucial in ensuring the wellbeing of both humans and horses.
Impact of COVID-19 Lockdowns on Horses and Their Care
Without concrete evidence that horses can carry SARS-CoV-2, much of the impact of the pandemic on these animals has been indirect. Existing rules implemented for the prevention of spread among humans have affected how horses are cared for.
This change in care has had tangible effects:
- Restricted Human Interaction: Horses used to regular human interaction may experience stress and behavioral changes due to reduced contact.
- Inconsistent Exercise: Many horses have had their exercise routines disrupted, potentially leading to physical health issues like muscle wastage or weight gain.
- Delayed Veterinary Care: Non-emergency medical procedures may have been postponed due to lockdown restrictions.
- Financial Strain: With many owners struck by financial challenges due to the pandemic, horses’ dietary needs and overall care may be impacted.
How Other Coronaviruses Affect Horses
While horses haven’t shown signs of contracting SARS-CoV-2, they can be affected by other types of coronaviruses:
- Equine coronavirus (ECoV): This virus typically causes gastrointestinal disease in foals and adult horses, though it is relatively rare. Most infected horses will present with loss of appetite, lethargy, fever, and colic or diarrhea.
- Equine enteric coronavirus: This form often results in fever, decreased appetite, lethargy, colic, and occasionally diarrhea.
The following table illustrates the symptoms of these coronaviruses in horses:
| Coronavirus in Horses | Symptoms |
|---|---|
| Equine coronavirus (ECoV) | Loss of appetite, lethargy, fever, colic, diarrhea |
| Equine enteric coronavirus | Fever, decreased appetite, lethargy, colic, occasional diarrhea |
Given the existence of these horse-specific coronaviruses, it might initially seem plausible that horses could contract SARS-CoV-2. However, each virus has unique properties specific to its host species. As such, researchers continue to investigate the potential of SARS-CoV-2 to affect horses.
Current Vaccination Efforts for Animals
The absence of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in horses doesn’t negate the importance of disease prevention. Some organizations are developing vaccines specifically for animals, primarily focusing on species that have shown susceptibility to the virus, such as minks and cats.
However, these initial efforts do not include horses, likely due to the currently low perceived risk. Nonetheless, these measures highlight the importance of protecting animal populations from potential zoonotic diseases.
