Bitting a horse correctly is crucial for a smooth and comfortable riding experience. Remember, the primary aim is to ensure the horse is completely at ease with what’s in its mouth.
Discovering the Ideal Bit
A well-known saying goes, “There is a key to every horse’s mouth”, indicating the unique bitting requirement of each horse. The challenge lies in discovering the right fit. The guiding principle usually leans towards employing the mildest bit possible. Historically, horses were often ridden with long curb bits, apparent through numerous vintage illustrations.
The Shift Towards Snaffles and Alternatives
However, modern trends have experienced a radical shift, veering more towards snaffles. An increasing interest is also noticed in bit alternatives, such as rubber bits and bitless bridles.
Ensuring Comfort and Minimizing Damage
While embracing these changes, it’s vital to strike a balance, prioritizing the horse’s comfort as paramount. The horse’s mouth is extremely delicate, especially the sensitive membrane of the jaw. Any sort of injury to this area can lead to irreversible damage. An injured mouth loses its sensitivity over time, leading to a condition referred to as a ‘hard’ or ‘bad’ mouth in horse parlance. Therefore, maintaining the sensitivity and health of the horse’s mouth is critical. Through a better understanding of bits and bitting, we can ensure a more comfortable and harmonious interaction between rider and horse.
Selecting the Right Horse Bit
When choosing a bit for a horse, it is important to consider a few key factors. These include the horse’s mouth size, its tongue’s thickness, and the compatibility between the bit and the rider’s hands.
Tailoring the Bit to the Horse
It’s essential to understand that different horses may respond differently to the same bit with different riders. The reason for this variation is the differing riding styles and hand techniques used by the riders. For instance, Major Faudel-Phillips, a well-regarded equestrian expert, kept a wide assortment of double bridles and frequently changed them for his school horses. This approach, according to his ideology, helped maintain the horses’ mouth liveliness.
Balancing Change and Consistency
While a change of bits can be beneficial, it’s also essential to focus on the horse’s comfort and performance. If a horse is consistently performing well with a particular bit, there may be no compelling reason to switch. For example, if a young horse prefers a half-moon or straight-bar sua file, it’s not necessary to change to a jointed snaffle — a more common choice — even if it may signify progress in some people’s opinions.
As horse owners and riders, it’s crucial to realize that the ideal bit for a horse depends on the specific horse, the rider’s technique, and the overall comfort factor. Balancing changes in bit usage while concentrating on the horse’s well-being should always be prioritized.
Bitting in Historical Context From the Institute of the Horse
Before the establishment of the British Horse Society, the Institute of the Horse was the prime authority in England’s horse world providing key insights into horse-related matters. A particularly instructive process was their unique bitting exam.
The Institutive Exam: Ranking Bits According to Severity
During the exam, an assortment of bits was spread across a table. Every candidate had to arrange them according to their severity, essentially teaching students about the unique attributes and impacts of different bits.
Some Basic Rules
Here are some fundamental guidelines from that test:
- Rubber bits were considered milder than vulcanite ones.
- Among steel bits, the thicker ones were regarded as gentler.
- Half-moon bits were considered kinder than straight bars.
- Smooth bits were easier on the horse than serrated ones.
- A jointed bit could create a nut-cracker action.
- A double-jointed bit had more impact on the horse’s jaws than a single-jointed bit.
- Rollers going around the bit affected the horse’s tongue more than those going across it.
Curbs, Pelhams, and Understanding Cheekpieces
When it came to curbs and Pelhams, basic bit rules remained the same. However, additional attributes were taken into account:
- The length of the cheekpiece (both above and below the mouthpiece).
- The impact of the length on poll pressure.
- The pressure effect on the jaw, also known as curb pressure.
The longer the cheekpiece above the mouthpiece, the higher the poll pressure. Conversely, the length below the mouthpiece influenced curb pressure. Many horses flex better with increased poll pressure, making this a key consideration in bit selection.
Curb Chains: The Forgotten Factor
A crucial, under-discussed part of bitting lies in the curb chains. These can range from being very mild to severe, depending on their design and application. Such chains deserve more attention and consideration to ensure a proper fit and optimal comfort for the horse. It’s through such detailed exploration and understanding that we can ensure the best choice of bit for our equine companions.
Exploring Curb Chain Varieties
To ensure a horse’s comfort and proper fit, it is essential to consider the different types of curb chains. These chains range from mild to severe, with various materials and designs to choose from.
The Mildest Curb Chains: Elastic and Leather
The gentlest option for a curb chain is one made of broad elastic, featuring two or three rings on each end for size adjustment and a central ring for the lip strap. A similarly mild choice is a leather curb chain, fashioned in the same manner.
Providing Comfort: Rubber Covers
Rubber covers are available to put over curb chains for added comfort. They help the chain sit more comfortably in the horse’s chin groove, reducing discomfort and potential irritation.
Degrees of Severity: Link Sizes and Twists
The size of the links determines the severity of curb chains. Larger, smooth links are the least severe, while smaller links produce more pressure on the horse’s jaw. As an old practice to increase severity for better stopping power, the chain would be twisted several times.
Double-Linked Chains for Show
Double-linked chains are not only functional, but they can also be decorative, adding an aesthetic touch for equestrian shows.
Curb Chains and Lip Straps
Using a lip strap with a curb chain ensures the horse cannot grab the end of the curb cheekpiece with its mouth, providing additional comfort and security.
Ports: Tailoring to Individual Horses
The port on a curb or Pelham bit can influence the horse’s comfort and performance. An unusually high port may result in more flexion by pressing into the roof of the mouth. The lower the angle of the port (i.e., the wider it is), the more room it provides for the tongue.
Special Considerations: Large Tongues and Breeds
Arabian horses, known for having large tongues, require special attention when selecting ports. A half-moon curb with a mild port often provides adequate room. Should a horse rest its tongue to one side, offering additional tongue room will likely lead to better positioning and comfort.
Understanding the Action of Different Bits
It’s important to consider the impact of various bits on a horse’s mouth, such as snaffle, Pelham, and double bridle bits. Each type serves a unique purpose and interacts differently with the horse.
The Snaffle Bit: Lifting the Horse’s Head
A snaffle bit raises the horse’s head, promoting a healthier head carriage and better balance. Young horses, especially, tend to lower their heads when carrying both their own weight and the rider’s. With the snaffle bit helping to elevate their head, they learn to balance better, which is more comfortable for the rider.
Snaffle Bits: Widespread Use
Due to their effectiveness in lifting the horse’s head, snaffle bits are the most common type across the horseracing world. Similarly, they are frequently used in hunting, show jumping, Pony Club, and Riding Club events. These versatile and straightforward bits are often the go-to choice for many riders and horse trainers.
Exploring the Actions of the Double Bridle
The double bridle incorporates two bits – the snaffle (also known as bridoon) and the curb – in a horse’s mouth. Each bit has its own role and effect on the horse’s head positioning and behavior.
The Role of Snaffle and Curb Bits in Double Bridle
In a double bridle, the snaffle bit is used to raise the horse’s head, while the curb bit lowers it. By expertly maneuvering both reins, an experienced rider can position the horse’s head precisely and gain better control. This results in a horse that is more responsive to the rider’s commands, as evident in dressage tests and show rings.
Balance of Tension Between Reins
It’s imperative to remember that the two reins serve distinct functions and should not be used with the same level of tension simultaneously. Mastering this principle is key to successfully using a double bridle.
The Evolution of Curb Bits: Sliding Mouthpiece and Fixed Cheekpiece
Historically, during interwar periods, a curb bit with a sliding mouthpiece, commonly known as the Ward Union, was popular. A horse could move this bit in its mouth, relieving constant pressure on one part of its tongue. This bit was often associated with hunting and the renowned Irish Pack, the Ward Union.
Conversely, the fixed cheekpiece or Weymouth bit was traditionally preferred by people of the ‘old school,’ particularly for showing hacks. This bit tended to offer a steadier head carriage and fewer interruptions during key moments as the horse couldn’t readily change its position.
Now, preferences are shifting and this sort of curb bit is becoming increasingly popular for dressage.
Fads and Fashions in Bits
Interestingly, bit preferences and trends often parallel those in the fashion world – they come in vogue, fall out of favor and then come back again. Recognizing these trends alongside understanding each bit’s unique benefits can help riders make informed choices for their horses.
The Function and Varieties of Pelham Bits
The main purpose of a Pelham bit is to lower the horse’s head. Despite its somewhat negative reputation, the bit has its advantages and variations tailored to specific uses.
Addressing Overbending and High-Head Issues
It’s common to see a horse with its head too low, overbent, or behind the perpendicular when using a Pelham bit. Although the Pelham strives to perform the functions of both a snaffle and a curb, it has unique benefits. For example, it can be beneficial for a horse that is fussy with two bits in its mouth or one that’s too strong in a snaffle. Additionally, it can help correct head positioning for horses that carry their heads too high, which is particularly useful in horse shows or jumping events.
Popular Pelham Bit Variations: Kimblewick and Scamperdale
Two notable versions of the Pelham bit that have proven effective are the Kimblewick and the Scamperdale.
Kimblewick: One Rein for Added Control
The Kimblewick bit can be used with a single rein and is designed to touch the bars of a horse’s mouth differently than a snaffle. Its one-rein design is beneficial for children as it provides extra stopping power that a snaffle cannot offer. The Kimblewick was named by Phil Oliver after his farm, but its origin traces back to the Spanish jumping team. Thus, it is sometimes referred to as the Spanish Jumping bit.
The Scamperdale Pelham Bit: Pros and Cons
The Scamperdale Pelham bit has unique features, such as bent back sides, that make it more comfortable for some horses. Like any bit, it has its proponents and opponents.
Horses’ Varying Responses to Scamperdale Pelham
This particular bit design applies more pressure on a horse’s tongue, leading to a love/hate relationship with it. Some horses enjoy the sensation and perform well with the bit, while others find it undesirable.
Successful Experiences with Scamperdale Pelham
Three horses named Tara, Tommy Tittlemouse, and Alexander V saw improvement with a vulcanite Scamperdale Pelham. For Tara, achieving flexion appeared impossible with other bits, and Tommy and Alexander were difficult to control. However, all three horses became more manageable in jumping and cross-country work once using the Scamperdale Pelham invented by the renowned horseman Sam Marsh.
Official Attitudes Towards Pelham Bits
It’s important to note that Pelham bits, including the Scamperdale variety, face opposition due to their non-acceptance by the Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI) for dressage. However, many believe these bits have their place and can address challenging mouth issues.
A Memorable Interaction with Robert Orssich
One prominent opponent of Pelham bits was Robert Orssich. During a horse show, when the author’s daughter was riding Tara, he asked why she was using the “awful bit” when Sam Marsh wasn’t judging. The author’s response — “the mare likes it” — highlights the importance of considering the horse’s preferences when selecting a bit.
Choosing the Right Bit for Your Horse
Ultimately, it’s crucial to remember that each horse has individual needs and preferences. Just because you, as the rider, like a specific bit doesn’t mean it will suit your horse. Be open to trialing different bits to find the most suitable option for your horse’s comfort and performance.
Frequently Asked Questions about Horse Bits and Bitting
Q: How do I choose the right bit for my horse?
A: Start by considering your horse’s current comfort and behavior, as well as your level of experience and riding discipline. It’s a good idea to consult with an experienced horse trainer or professional for guidance. Typically, you should start with a mild bit, like a snaffle, and gradually adjust based on your horse’s response and performance.
Q: Why is my horse not responding well to a specific bit?
A: If your horse seems uncomfortable or doesn’t perform as expected with a particular bit, it could be due to many factors. The bit might be too harsh, uncomfortable, or incompatible with your horse’s mouth conformation. Additionally, your riding style or technique can also affect how the horse responds. Remember to be patient with your horse and consider trying different bits until you find the one that suits both you and your horse.
Q: How often should I replace my horse’s bit?
A: The longevity of a horse bit depends on quality, usage, and maintenance. Regularly inspect the bit for wear or damage, such as sharp edges, rust, or cracks. If you spot any signs of damage or if your horse’s behavior changes, it might be time to replace the bit. Additionally, if you change disciplines or your horse’s training advances, you may require a different type of bit.
Q: Why does my horse chew or play with their bit?
A: Horses might chew or play with the bit for various reasons. It could be a sign of nervousness, discomfort, or even boredom. If your horse is new to wearing a bit, it may take some time for them to adjust. On the other hand, if your horse has been using the bit for a while and chewing persists, consider assessing the fit, type of bit, or addressing potential oral issues by consulting with an equine dentist or veterinarian.
Q: How should I clean my horse’s bit?
A: It’s important to clean your horse’s bit regularly to remove saliva, residue, and debris. After each ride, use a soft cloth or sponge with warm, soapy water to wipe down the bit, ensuring that all parts are covered. Thoroughly rinse the bit with clean water and dry it off before storing. Regularly removing residue reduces the risk of bacteria, promotes your horse’s oral health, and helps maintain the bit’s condition.
Q: What materials are horse bits made from?
A: Horse bits are commonly made from different kinds of metal, and sometimes non-metal. These materials can include stainless steel, copper, sweet iron, rubber, and more. Each material has its pros and cons. For example, stainless steel is durable and doesn’t taste like anything to a horse, while copper can encourage salivation but it doesn’t last as long as some other materials. The best material for your horse depends on their individual needs and their reaction to different bit materials.
Q: What’s the difference between a snaffle bit and a curb bit?
A: The fundamental difference between a snaffle and a curb bit lies in how they apply pressure in the horse’s mouth. A snaffle bit works on a direct pressure principle, meaning the pressure you apply on the reins is the pressure your horse feels. On the other hand, curb bits work on a leveraged principle which magnifies the pressure, meaning the pressure felt by the horse can be several times the amount applied on the reins.
Q: How can I check if my bit fits correctly?
A: Correct bit fitting is crucial for your horse’s comfort and performance. The bit should sit comfortably in the horse’s mouth, causing no discomfort when at rest. The width should be correct, meaning it shouldn’t pinch the corners of the mouth or be too loose. You should also be able to see one to three wrinkles at the corners of the horse’s mouth when you gently pull up on the reins – more or less than this could indicate an incorrect fit.
Q: What’s the purpose of a bitless bridle?
A: Bitless bridles can be a good option for horses who have had traumatic experiences with bits, or horses that have physical reasons for not being able to wear a bit. They operate via pressure on different parts of the horse’s head, such as the nose or poll, rather than the mouth. However, they still require proper fitting and correct, respectful use so as not to cause discomfort or confuse the horse.
Q: Do all horses need a bit?
A: Not all horses need a bit. While many riders prefer using a bit for various reasons, including control, communication, and tradition, some horses perform better without one. This can be especially true for horses with sensitive mouths or previous negative experiences. It’s crucial, however, to ensure that your horse is properly trained and responsive, whether you’re using a bit or opting for bitless alternatives.
Q: Can the same bit be used for different riding disciplines?
A: While bits are interchangeable to an extent, each riding discipline often has specific bits that are commonly used due to the unique requirements, rules, and horse behaviors associated with each discipline. For instance, dressage mandates the use of simple snaffle bits while show jumping permits a wider range of bits, including Pelhams and gag bits. Always ensure you’re adhering to the rules of your chosen discipline.
Q: How often should I check the bit for proper fit?
A: It is advisable to check your horse’s bit for proper fit at least every few months. However, if your horse shows signs of discomfort, resists the bit, or experiences changes in weight, you should check the bit fitting more frequently. Remember, the comfort and wellbeing of the horse is always paramount.
Q: What are the signs that a horse is comfortable with its bit?
A: Some signs that a horse is comfortable with its bit include relaxed chewing, willingness to take the bit, maintaining a steady head carriage during riding, and responsiveness to rein aids. Meanwhile, signs of discomfort can include excessive mouthing, evading the bit, head shaking, or resistance to the bit.
Q: What can I do if my horse refuses to take the bit?
A: If your horse refuses to take the bit, it might be a sign of discomfort or fear. Try examining the bit for any signs of damage or rough edges that might be hurting your horse’s mouth. Consider whether the bit might be too harsh or incorrectly sized for your horse. Dental issues can also cause a horse to resist the bit, so it could be worth scheduling a checkup with an equine dentist. Finally, ensure your approach to bitting is calm and gentle to reduce any bit-related stress.
Q: Can I adjust the bit height for different situations or horses?
A: Yes, bit height can be adjusted to suit different horses or situations. The general rule of thumb is to have the bit sit so you can see one to two wrinkles at the corners of your horse’s mouth when you gently take up contact. However, individual horses may prefer the bit sitting slightly lower or higher. Observe your horse’s comfort and response level to determine the optimal bit height. Remember, comfort is key for effective communication and optimal performance.
Glossary of Terms
1. Bit: A piece of equipment used in riding that is placed in the horse’s mouth and is connected to the bridle and reins to guide the horse.
2. Bit Rings: The part of the bit that attaches to the bridle and reins. They can be of various shapes (e.g., O-ring, D-ring, eggbutt) which influence how the bit moves in the horse’s mouth.
3. Bit Seat: A smoothed and contoured area created on a horse’s premolar by a veterinarian or equine dentist to prevent the bit from pinching the corners of the mouth.
4. Bitless Bridle: A type of bridle that controls a horse without a bit, using pressure on the nose, cheeks, and poll instead of the mouth.
5. Breakover Point: The point at which a bit folds in the horse’s mouth. It typically lies over the horse’s tongue.
6. Bridle: An equipment piece used for steering a horse, made up of the bit, headstall, and reins.
7. Curb Bit: A type of bit that uses leverage to increase the pressure on the horse’s mouth, poll, and chin groove.
8. Curb Chain or Strap: A chain or strap that lies flat against the horse’s chin groove, part of a curb bit setup, which tightens when rein pressure is applied to increase the bit’s leverage action.
9. Double Bridle: A bridle setup that uses two bits (a curb and a snaffle) simultaneously, allowing for more nuanced control and communication.
10. Dressage Legal Bit: Bits that are permitted in dressage competitions, according to the regulations of the sport’s governing bodies.
11. Gag Bit: A type of bit that lifts in the horse’s mouth when rein pressure is applied, often used for horses that lean against the bit or for specific activities like polo or showjumping.
12. Hackamore: A type of bitless bridle that uses a levered noseband to control the horse.
13. Loose Ring Snaffle: A type of snaffle bit where the bit rings rotate freely, allowing the horse to adjust the position more than with fixed-ring designs.
14. Mullen Mouth Bit: A type of bit with a straight bar mouthpiece, which applies pressure evenly across the horse’s mouth.
15. Pelham Bit: A type of bit that combines elements of the snaffle and curb, used with two reins to provide varying pressure and control levels.
16. Port: A raised area in some curb bits that provides room for the horse’s tongue, with the height and shape affecting the pressure applied.
17. Shanked Bit: A bit with elongated bars (shanks) that attach to the bit mouthpiece, used to increase leverage.
18. Snaffle Bit: A direct-pressure bit that applies the same amount of force to the horse’s mouth as is given by the rider’s hand.
19. Sweet Iron: A type of metal used in bit construction, which produces a sweet taste as it oxidizes, encouraging the horse to salivate and accept the bit.
20. Twist Bit: A bit that uses a twisted mouthpiece for increased severity.
21. Vulcanite: A hard rubber material used in some bit mouthpieces, popular for its durability and gentleness.22. Weymouth Bit: Another term for a curb bit, typically used as part of a double bridle setup, along with a smaller snaffle bit (called a “bradoon”).
